the strength of opinion in each individual, and its practical influence on his conduct, depend much on the number which he supposes to have entertained the same opinion. The reason of man, like man himself, is timid and cautious when left alone; and acquires firmness and confidence, in proportion to the number with which it is associated." - Meaning and context.">
''Federalist No. 49 (2 February 1788)
• Partially quoted in by Michael Kruse (September/October 2018): The Weekend at Yale That Changed American Politics. In: Politico.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. The last quoted sentence means according to Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Antonin Scalia in the aforementioned source this: Intellectual courage is based on strength in numbers.

If it be true that all Governments rest on opinion, it is no less true, that the strength of opinion in each individual, and its practical influence on his conduct, depend much on the number which he supposes to have entertained the same opinion. The reason of man, like man himself, is timid and cautious when left alone; and acquires firmness and confidence, in proportion to the number with which it is associated.

— James Madison

What It Means

This is a placeholder explanation generated by the low-overhead model. It interprets "If it be true that all Governments rest on opinion, it is no less true, that the strength of opinion in each individual, and its practical influence on his conduct, depend much on the number which he supposes to have entertained the same opinion. The reason of man, like man himself, is timid and cautious when left alone; and acquires firmness and confidence, in proportion to the number with which it is associated." in the context of "''Federalist No. 49 (2 February 1788)
• Partially quoted in by Michael Kruse (September/October 2018): The Weekend at Yale That Changed American Politics. In: Politico.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. The last quoted sentence means according to Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Antonin Scalia in the aforementioned source this: Intellectual courage is based on strength in numbers." to mean that wisdom is timeless.

Quote Image
Source: Wikiquote: "James Madison" (Quotes, 1780s, Federalist Papers (1787–1788)) The 'What it means' explanation text was generated by Google Gemini Flash (accessed January 18, 2026). https://gemini.google.com/app
James Madison

About James Madison

James Madison Jr. (16 March 1751 – 28 June 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. Madison was popularly acclaimed the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights.